DURHAM, N.H. - A harmful neurotoxin produced by cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae blooms, in New Hampshire's fresh water lakes, which has been linked to ALS in humans, may be contributing to the decline of the state's Common Loon population, according to research from the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station at the University of New Hampshire.

NH Agricultural Experiment Station researcher Jim Haney, professor of biological sciences, and his student research team have detected high levels of liver and nerve toxins in New Hampshire loon chicks. Preliminary results indicate the nerve toxin Beta methylamino-L-alanine, or BMAA, is being biomagnified many times as it passes up the food chain, whereas the liver toxin becomes less concentrated or "biodilutes" at the higher food levels.

"We are examining whether this nerve toxin may be contributing to the recent disappearance of the Common Loon from certain New Hampshire lakes. Levels of BMAA, a toxin suspected to be related to human neurological disorders such as ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, were highest in the chick feathers. This suggests these birds have been exposed to relatively high concentrations in fish they were fed by their parents," said Haney, who also directs the UNH Center for Freshwater Biology.

The project is part of a larger study Restore the Call: Loon Conservation started in 2013 by the Biodiversity Research Institute of Portland, Maine, with support from the Ricketts Conservation Foundation. The study focuses on the health of loons in four regions of the United States: Northeast, Midwest, Western Rockies, and the Northwest.

UNH and the Biodiversity Research Institute began collaborating in 2014 to examine the possible role of cyanobacteria toxins as a cause for the decline of loon populations. "We know very little about how these toxins move within the lake and how they move from the lake into people. Because loons are near the top of the lake food chain and depend heavily on fish, loon chicks may represent 'mine canaries' of the lakes," Haney said.

Since these toxins have never been studied in loons, UNH researchers have been developing new techniques to measure the amount of toxins in the blood and feathers of the loon chicks. Further testing of plankton, which produce the toxins, and loons will be conducted this summer in more than 35 fresh water lakes with nesting loon populations. Concentrations of these "cyanotoxins" in loons will be compared with other health parameters collected, such as body weight, and levels of mercury, lead, and blood parasites in the blood.

In addition, researchers plan to gather more water quality data to determine why certain lakes have such high levels of toxic cyanobacteria and the features of the lake food webs, such as the species of plankton and fish present that allow them to biomagnify these toxins so efficiently. They also plan to conduct detailed studies in collaboration with the Loon Preservation Committee of Moultonboro on Granite State lakes to determine if cyanobacteria toxins may be related to the loss of loon populations, such as specific nesting sites at Squam Lakes in Holderness.

To learn more about cyanobacteria blooms, visit the UNH Center for Freshwater Biology at http://cfb.unh.edu/. A short video about cyanobacteria in New Hampshire lakes is available at http://cfb.unh.edu/Movies/Cyanobacteria_Murby_web.mov.

This material is based upon work supported by the NH Agricultural Experiment Station, through joint funding of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under award number 227004, and the state of New Hampshire.

Founded in 1887, the NH Agricultural Experiment Station at the UNH College of Life Sciences and Agriculture is UNH's original research center and an elemental component of New Hampshire's land-grant university heritage and mission.

The University of New Hampshire, founded in 1866, is a world-class public research university with the feel of a New England liberal arts college. A land, sea, and space-grant university, UNH is the state's flagship public institution, enrolling 13,000 undergraduate and 2,500 graduate students.

PHOTO AVAIABLE FOR DOWNLOAD
https://www.audubon.org/sites/default/files/Common_Loon_m50-7-017_l_1.jpg
The North American Common Loon. Credit: National Audubon Society.